The author—date citation system is covered in Sections 8. This guidance has been revised from the 6th edition. In-text citations may be parenthetical or narrative. The format of the author element of the in-text citation changes depending on the number of authors and is abbreviated in some cases. Thereafter, use the abbreviation for all mentions of the group in the text.
Instead, use the following guidelines:. Author—Date Citation System. Matthews , , p. Smith et al. Santa Fe College , If the organization has a common acronym, you may introduce it in your first in-text citation and then use the abbreviation in all subsequent citations.
Oxford English Dictionary , Year You will use the year of the resource in the in-text citation. Smith, If there is no date for a reference, use the abbreviation n.
Smith n. Rowling, a Rowling, J. Rowling, b If both items are using n. Santa Fe College, n. Page Numbers If you are using information from a single page, use the abbreviation p. Smith, , p. Narrative Citations Narrative citations are the preferred method of citing quotes. Template Last name Year Examples According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , rates for pregnancy, STDs and abortion are much higher in the US than in other industrialized countries para.
Parenthetical Citations A parenthetical citation encompasses the components of the in-text citation in parentheses at the end of the sentence, prior to the closing period. Template Recall that a page number is not necessary for paraphrasing, but is encouraged. Author, Date, p.
X Examples Most college students are limited in their research experience to using Google and struggle to learn how to effectively navigate and use the wide variety of resources available to them Head, Instead, use the following guidelines: Include the author s and year for every parenthetical in-text citation. Do not repeat the year for narrative in-text citations the second and subsequent times they appear in a single paragraph.
Follow this guideline with each new paragraph i. However, if you cite multiple works by the same author or authors, regardless of the publication years, include the date in every in-text citation to prevent ambiguity. For example, if you cite Mohammed and Mahfouz and Mohammed and Mahfouz , include the year with every citation, even when one of the references is cited multiple times in a single paragraph.
Source: Publication Manual , 8. APA never uses ibid. Instead, give each citation using author names as usual. You can download the abbreviation table in PDF.
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If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Does APA use ibid? Search this Guide Search. Nursing - Professional Issues This is a course research guide for a nursing credit course: Professional Issues.
Citing IOM report 2.
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