The second theme which Rappaport explores is konspiratsiya, meaning "secrecy or stealth in avoiding detection" The world of the Russian revolutionary in Lenin's time was a world of coded messages, secret knocks, fake passports, and letters written in invisible ink. Furthermore, as the brother of a known terrorist, Lenin was already destined for a life of police surveillance. After returning to Russia in late from a trip to Switzerland where he met the "father of Russian Marxism," Gregory Plekhanov, Lenin was arrested and charged with distribution of illicit material.
He also married Nadezhda Krupskaya, an exiled fellow activist. Finishing their sentences in , Lenin, his wife, and mother-in-law began a clandestine life that spread across Europe's major cites. Jumping from Geneva to London to Paris and elsewhere, they never lived better than hand-to-mouth, but they usually managed to stay one step ahead of the Okhrana. Along the way, Lenin's political ideas began to crystallize. In the party congress, the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
Finally, Rappaport believes that much of the thanks or blame for keeping Lenin politically viable should be given to the women in his life. In addition to the political assistance provided by his wife and mother-in-law, Lenin also relied on money given by his mother and sisters.
But the most significant aid came from Inessa Armand, a French Marxist who had spent much of her life in Russia and met Lenin in Paris in At that time, Lenin's prospects were bleak.
Compared to that of Trotsky, Lenin's role in the Revolution was insignificant, and with the political repression that followed, his influence waned even further. He "was approaching forty, his political career was at its nadir, and the battles were never-ending" Armand, however, revitalized Lenin's career. Absolutely dedicated to Lenin she was, for a time, his mistress and able to speak Russian, German, English and French, Armand coordinated the activities of revolutionaries across 37 European cities.
Such was Armand's importance that the Okhrana considered her to be Lenin's "right hand" In summer , she, along with Lenin and his "yes-men" Zinoviev and Kamenev, taught a Party School for Bolsheviks in the south of Paris. Then, in the summer of , when an upsurge in workers' protests led to a momentary loosening of Tsarist control, Armand returned to Russia to campaign for the election of Bolsheviks to the Duma.
She also contributed to the Bolshevik's paper, Pravda , which was legally published from After Bolshevik opposition to World War I led to the loss of Pravda 's legal status and the further marginalization of Lenin's views within European socialism, Armand participated in conferences against the war, ensuring that Lenin's voice was heard.
In his early 20s, Masterson worked as a buffalo hunter, operating out of the wild Chaplin, one of the most financially successful stars of early Hollywood, was introduced to the stage when he was five.
The son of London music hall entertainers, young Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox.
A giant explosion occurs during the loading of fertilizer onto the freighter Grandcamp at a pier in Texas City, Texas, on April 16, Nearly people lost their lives and thousands were injured when the ship was literally blown to bits. Ammonium nitrate was used as an The phrase stuck, and for over By the early s, Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Art, Literature, and Film History. Space Exploration. Sign Up. A dinner was held in his honour by Swedish social democrats in the hotel Regina in Stockholm and he gave interviews in the press.
He arrived by train at the Finland station in Petrograd in April. His opponents accused him of being a paid German agent, which is exacdy what he was, and after the Bolshevik triumph earnest efforts were made to rewrite the story and erase the evidence of the German payments to him. Lenin Flees Russia Again. On December 12th, , Lenin fled Russia for a second time. Russia Lenin. Related Articles. Lenin's Journey. Lenin in Power.
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